επιτείνουν την αναγκαιότητα περαιτέρω εκπαίδευσης για τη διαχείριση του πόνου στους Έλληνες Επαγγελματίες Υγείας.

2.  Z. Konstanti, M. Gouva, V. Koulouras (2015).Family Crisis and Family Members of Intensive Care Unit Patients Interscientific health care.

This article describes the crisis in the families of critically ill patients during their hospitalization in ICU. AIM: To investigate family crisis among relatives of critically ill patients. The family is much more than a group of people who share a particular physical and psychological space. Therefore, every incident that affects one or more members of this micro culture has an impact on the whole family. MATERIALS AND METHODS:An international review of electronic databases has been carried out Pubmed, Cinahl, and Cochrane. The material of this study consists of specific articles published in English mainly over the past decade. RESULTS: The introduction of a patient in the intensive care unit (ICU) causes serious distress to relatives. Family members of patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU), face the risk of developing their psychological health disorders, both during and after the stay of a patient in the ICU. The experience of the ICU has psychological and physical effects on relatives, suggesting the importance of identifying efficient interventions with benefits, for the health of both patients and relatives. Even so, it still remains unknown whether the impacts differ among populations with different sociocultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS:However, the inability of health scientists to notice, recognize and effectively attend to the needs of families of patients hospitalized in ICU, is not the only restrictive factor for holistic care, but also element affecting and preventing the quick recovery of the patient.

3. Zoe Konstanti, Mary Gouva, Elena Dragioti, Georgios Nakos, Vasilios Koulouras.(2016).Symptoms of Cardiac Anxiety in Family Members of Intensive Care Unit Patients. Am J Crit Care Sep;25(5):448-56

Studies have shown an association between intensive care unit environments and symptoms of psychological distress in family members of critically ill patients. To investigate levels of cardiac anxiety in family members of intensive care unit patients.

From March 2012 to July 2013, on the third day after the patient's admission, 223 family members of 147 patients completed the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire

4. M. Gouva,E. Dragkioti, Z. Konstanti,E. Kotrotsiou,V. Koulouras (2016) Translation and Validation of a Greek version of the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES). Interscientific health care. 2(1), 17-26.

Background: Family sense of coherence is central to successful coping with family stressors. Objectives: The aims of this study were to translate the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES) and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: In Phase 1, the F-COPES was translated into Greek using the translation/back-translation procedure and it was reviewed by an expert panel for cultural equivalence. In Phase 2, the questionnaire was administered to 647 family members (mean age =39.08, SD=14.28, range=18-79 years) from 20 different regions of Greece along with a measure of sociodemographic characteristics and the Family Environment Scale. Results: The F COPES showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .77) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .88). On a subscale level the correlation was: Acquiring Social Support r =.87, Reframing r =.90, Seeking Spiritual Support r =.84, Mobilizing Family to Acquire and Accept Help r =.86 and Passive Appraisal r =.89. Discussion: The F-COPES has satisfactory psychometric properties and has the potential to be used as a clinical and research instrument for measuring of family coping strategies in Greek families. The Greek version retains the five factor structure as proposed by the initial authors.

5. Koulouras V, Konstanti Z, Lepida D, Papathanakos G, Gouva M.(2017). Shame feeling in the Intensive Care Unit patient's family members. Intensive Crit Care Nurs

To investigate the levels of internal and external shame among family members of critically ill patients. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/ DESIGN: This prospective study was conducted in 2012/2013 on family members of Intensive Care Unit patients using the Others As Shamer Scale and the Experiential Shame Scale questionnaires.SETTING: Greek university hospital.RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-three family members mean-aged (41.5±11.9) were studied, corresponding to 147 ICU patients. Out of these 223, 81 (36.3%) were men and 142 (63.7%) were women, while 79 (35.4%) lived with the patient. Family members who lived with the patient experienced higher internal and external shame compared to those who did not live with the patient (p=0.046 and p=0.028 respectively). Elementary and Junior High School graduates scored significantly higher than the other grades graduates in total Others As Shamer Scale, inferiority and emptiness scale (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Intensive Care Unit patients' family members are prone to shame feelings, especially when being of low educational level. Health professionals have to take into consideration the possible implications for the patients and their care